ST 558 Project 2 Report
Collin Knezevich & Jiyue Zhang
2022-07-02
# Libraries
library(tidyverse)
library(caret)
library(randomForest)
library(gbm)
library(shiny)
library(rmarkdown)Introduction
This project is primary use the variables in Online News Popularity
Data Set to predict the number of shares. This dataset summarizes a
heterogeneous set of features about articles published by Mashable in a
period of two years. The goal is to predict the number of shares in
social networks (popularity). Therefore, the share variable
will be the response variable in our model. In this project, we will use
linear regression, random forest and boosted tree model to predict the
number of shares. (The details about each model we will discuss through
the modeling part). For the predictors, we have choose some variables
like the numbers of words in the title, contents and rate of unique
words in the content that we considered may affect the number of shares
after analyze some summary statistics and the plot.
Data
We will read in the online news popularity data set locally.
newsData <- read_csv("OnlineNewsPopularity/OnlineNewsPopularity.csv")## Rows: 39644 Columns: 61
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (1): url
## dbl (60): timedelta, n_tokens_title, n_tokens_content, n_unique_tokens, n_non_stop_w...
##
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.We will also create a new variable - data_channel - so that we can knit our Rmd file with parameters for each of the different data channels in the dataset.
newsData <- newsData %>%
mutate(data_channel =
ifelse(data_channel_is_lifestyle == 1, "lifestyle",
ifelse(data_channel_is_entertainment == 1, "entertainment",
ifelse(data_channel_is_bus == 1, "bus",
ifelse(data_channel_is_socmed == 1, "socmed",
ifelse(data_channel_is_tech == 1, "tech", "world"))))))For our initial analysis, we will only consider data from a single data channel. We will consider the “bus” (business) data channel, and we will subset the data to focus on this channel.
busNews <- newsData %>% filter(data_channel == params$data_channel) Summarizations
Summary Statistics
Our response variable of interest for this analysis is the number of shares. First, we will quickly summarize the distribution of the shares variable.
summary(busNews$shares)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.0 952.2 1400.0 3063.0 2500.0 690400.0sd(busNews$shares)## [1] 15046.39Here, we can see the mean number of shares, as well as the five number summary (min, 1st quartile, median, 3rd quartile, max). From the value of mean and median, since the mean is bigger than themedian, the distribution of shares will be right-skewed. And the standard deviation is really large, so there might be some outliers in the data.
Graphs densityplot
Let us continue by creating a density plot to show the distribution of the number of shares.
ggplot(data = busNews, aes(x = shares)) +
geom_density(color = "darkgreen") +
labs(title = "Distribution of Shares", x = "# Shares")
This density plot allows us to analyze the distribuion of the number of
shares. We can look for any skewness in the distribution, the number of
peaks, and the overall shape of the distribution.
Graphs barplot
We would like to compare the proportion of articles that are shared a greater number of times than the median number of shares, for articles that are published on a weekend day or not. We will create a new variable, equal to 1 if the article was shared a greater number of times than the median, and equal to 0 otherwise.
md <- median(busNews$shares)
busNews2 <- busNews %>% mutate(shares_gt_median = ifelse(shares > md, 1, 0))
ggplot(data = busNews2, aes(x = as.factor(is_weekend))) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = as.factor(shares_gt_median)), position = "fill") +
labs(title = "Proportion of Articles Shared More Than the Median,
for Published on Weekend vs. Not", x = "Weekend", y = "Proportion",
fill = "Shares > Median") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No', 'Yes')) +
scale_fill_discrete(labels = c('No', 'Yes'))
We can easily compare the difference between articles published on the
weekend and articles published on weekdays.
Graphs Scatterplot1
Now, we would like to investigate the relationship between the number
of shares and the polarity of the title
(title_sentiment_polarity). We will create a scatterplot to
show this relationship.
ggplot(data = busNews, aes(x = title_sentiment_polarity, y = shares)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = lm, color = "blue") +
labs(title = "Title Polarity v. Number of Shares", x = "Title Polarity",
y = "# Shares")## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
This chart will give us insight into the linear relationship between the
polarity of the title and the number of shares. If the line slopes
upwards, we can expect that the number of shares increases as the
polarity of the title increases. If the line sloped downwards, we can
expect the opposite.
Graphs Scatterplot2
Now, we would like to investigate the relationship between the number
of shares and the Number of words in the
title(n_tokens_title). We will create a scatterplot to show
this relationship.
ggplot(data = busNews, aes(x = n_tokens_title, y = shares)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = lm, color = "blue") +
labs(title = "Number of words in the title v. Number of Shares", x = "n_tokens_title",
y = "# Shares")## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
This chart will give us insight into the linear relationship between the
Number of words in the title and the number of shares. If the line
slopes upwards, we can expect that the number of shares increases as the
polarity of the title increases. If the line sloped downwards, we can
expect the opposite.
Graphs Scatterplot3
Now, we would like to investigate the relationship between the number
of shares and the Number of words in the
content(n_tokens_content). We will create a scatterplot to
show this relationship.
ggplot(data = busNews, aes(x = n_tokens_content, y = shares)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = lm, color = "blue") +
labs(title = "Number of words in the content v. Number of Shares", x = "n_tokens_content",
y = "# Shares")## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
This chart will give us insight into the linear relationship between the
Number of words in the content and the number of shares. If the line
slopes upwards, we can expect that the number of shares increases as the
polarity of the title increases. If the line sloped downwards, we can
expect the opposite.
Graphs Scatterplot4
Now, we would like to investigate the relationship between the number
of shares and the Rate of unique words in the
content(n_unique_tokens). We will create a scatterplot to
show this relationship.
ggplot(data = busNews, aes(x = n_unique_tokens, y = shares)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = lm, color = "blue") +
labs(title = "Rate of unique words in the content v. Number of Shares", x = "n_unique_tokens",
y = "# Shares")## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
This chart will give us insight into the linear relationship between the
Rate of unique words in the content and the number of shares. If the
line slopes upwards, we can expect that the number of shares increases
as the polarity of the title increases. If the line sloped downwards, we
can expect the opposite.
Modeling
Preparaton
First, in order to prepare our data for modeling/prediction, we will
remove two variables from the dataset that are non-predictive variables
(url and timedelta). We will also remove the
variable we created for RMarkdown knitting with parameters. We will then
split the data into training and test sets (70% and 30%,
respectively).
busNews <- busNews %>% select(-c(url, timedelta, data_channel))
# set seed for reproducibility
set.seed(55)
# creating training and test sets
newsIndex <- createDataPartition(busNews$shares, p = 0.7, list = FALSE)
newsTrain <- busNews[newsIndex, ]
newsTest <- busNews[-newsIndex, ]Linear regression models
First, we will create a few linear regression models. Linear regression is a type of supervised learning that allows us to easily make predictions on our response variable of interest (in this case, number of shares). The goal of linear regression is to build an equation that takes in all specified predictor variables in order to best predict the response variable. The coefficients associated with the predictor variables for the equation are chosen such that the sum of squared residuals is minimized (i.e., minimizing prediction errors).
The first linear regression model we will fit in order to predict the number of shares will take in a number of predictor variables pertaining to the subjectivity, polarity, and positivity/negativity of the article.
linModel1 <- lm(shares ~ global_subjectivity + global_sentiment_polarity +
global_rate_positive_words + global_rate_negative_words +
avg_positive_polarity + avg_negative_polarity +
title_subjectivity + title_sentiment_polarity,
data = newsTrain)The second linear regression model we will fit in order to predict the number of shares will take in a number of predictor variables pertaining to the numbers of words in the title, contents and rate of unique words in the content.
linModel2 <- lm(shares ~ n_tokens_title + I(n_tokens_title^2) +
n_tokens_content + I(n_tokens_content^2) +
n_unique_tokens + I(n_unique_tokens^2),
data = newsTrain)Random Forest
Next, we will create a random forest model. The idea of a random forest model is similar to the idea of a bagged tree model, where we fit many different models on different re-samples of the data, and average all predictions from these models. However when creating a random forest model, we use a random selection of predictor variables for each model created during bootstrapping. Using a random forest model will produce more accurate predictions, and will reduce variance in the model. For our model, we will fit a total of 200 tree models during the bootstrapping process. We will also use 5-fold cross-validation to choose the model, and we will tune the model to consider the values 15 - 25 for mtry (the number of predictor variables randomly selected during bootstrapping).
rfModel <- train(shares ~ ., data = newsTrain, method = "rf",
trControl = trainControl(method = "cv", number = 5),
tuneGrid = data.frame(mtry = 15:25))Boosted Tree
Then, we will have a boosted tree model. Boosted tree model is slowly
train the tree so we don’t overfit the model. Trees grown sequentially
and each subsequent tree is grown on a modified version of original
data. Then predictions updated as trees grown. I will use
expand.grid() to corss validation all combination of
n.trees, interaction.depth,
shrinkage,and n.minobsinnode and it will
automatic choose the best set.
n.trees <- c(25, 50, 100, 150, 200)
interaction.depth <- c(1, 2, 3, 4)
shrinkage <- 0.1
n.minobsinnode <- 10
gbmFit <- train(shares ~ ., data = newsTrain,
method = "gbm",
verbose=F,
trControl = trainControl(method = "repeatedcv",
number = 5,
repeats = 3),
tuneGrid = expand.grid("n.trees" = n.trees,
"interaction.depth" = interaction.depth,
"shrinkage" = shrinkage,
"n.minobsinnode" = n.minobsinnode))## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 12: data_channel_is_lifestyle has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 13: data_channel_is_entertainment has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 14: data_channel_is_bus has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 15: data_channel_is_socmed has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 16: data_channel_is_tech has no variation.## Warning in (function (x, y, offset = NULL, misc = NULL, distribution = "bernoulli", :
## variable 17: data_channel_is_world has no variation.Comparison
In this part, we want to compare each models, and select the winner one. This comparison is depend on the value of RMSE of each model, the smaller one is better.
# prepartion
predlin1 <- predict(linModel1, newdata = newsTest)
predlin2 <- predict(linModel2, newdata = newsTest)
predrf3 <- predict(rfModel, newdata = newsTest)
predgbm4 <- predict(gbmFit, newdata = newsTest)
Resultlin1 <- postResample(predlin1, obs = newsTest$shares)
Resultlin2 <- postResample(predlin2, obs = newsTest$shares)
Resultrf3 <- postResample(predrf3, obs = newsTest$shares)
Resultgbm4 <- postResample(predgbm4, obs = newsTest$shares)
#comparison
RMSE_all <- tibble(Resultlin1[1], Resultlin2[1], Resultrf3[1], Resultgbm4[1])
names(RMSE_all) <- c("Linear Regression1", "Linear Regression2", "Random Forest", "Boosted Tree")
RMSEconvert <- RMSE_all %>%
pivot_longer(cols = 1:4, names_to = "Model", values_to = "RMSE")
RMSEsort <- RMSEconvert %>%
arrange(RMSE)
RMSEsort[1,]This model is the winner of all.
Automation
We would like to automatically perform our analysis for each “data
channel” in the dataset. We have already created a variable to help us
with this, that will allow us to knit the RMarkdown document with
parameters. Next, we need to create a data frame containing the file
names for each data channel analysis, and the approporiate level of the
data_channel variable.
# levels of data_channel
channels <- c("lifestyle", "entertainment", "bus", "socmed", "tech", "world")
# creating file names
outputFiles <- paste0(channels, ".html")
# creating list with each level of data_channel
channelsList <- lapply(channels, FUN = function(x){list(data_channel = x)})
# create data frame
channelsDF <- tibble(outputFiles, channelsList)Now we can use the apply function to render documents for each data channel.
apply(channelsDF, MARGIN = 1, FUN = function(x){
render(input = "ST-558-Project-2-Report.Rmd", output_file = x[[1]], params = x[[2]])
})